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Mongolia in the 13th century
Mongoliais famous for its heritage of ancient history in
the world. The historic heritage of Mongolia is mainly related to Chinggis
Khaan,
the warrior-statesman, who in the 13th century, united the Mongolian
people into a strong nation and conquered a swath of the world
from modern-day
Korea to southern Russia and in invading deep into Europe, and the cultural
achievements of his grandson, Khubilai Khan,
in China are well-known in world
history.
succeeded in rallying to his person all the dispersed
Mongol and Turkish
tribes, and having destroyed his powerful enemies, the Tatars, the Khereid, and
the Naiman, and their entire race
tribes, and having destroyed his powerful enemies, the Tatars, the Khereid, and
the Naiman, and their entire race
was scattered like ashes. Three phases were
notable in the years after the 1206 coronation.
The first phases included the initial invasion during Chinggis Khaan's
lifetime: 1206 to 1227 (one of the assumed dates of his death).
notable in the years after the 1206 coronation.
The first phases included the initial invasion during Chinggis Khaan's
lifetime: 1206 to 1227 (one of the assumed dates of his death).
In this period,
the Mongols swept over north China, taking Daidu (as Beijing was then called),
attaching and defeating the sultan
the Mongols swept over north China, taking Daidu (as Beijing was then called),
attaching and defeating the sultan
of the Khwarezm who ruled over a large part
of the Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan,
of the Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan,
and
most of Iran), capturing Samarqand and Bukhara, before crossing the Caucasus
and defeating the Russians and the Qipqak
most of Iran), capturing Samarqand and Bukhara, before crossing the Caucasus
and defeating the Russians and the Qipqak
Turkish in the Crimea.
The second phase, the period of consolidation, marked the expansion of the
empire under the reign of Ugudei, third son and successor
The second phase, the period of consolidation, marked the expansion of the
empire under the reign of Ugudei, third son and successor
of the Chinggis
Khaan, from 1229 to 1241. Ugudei finished the conquest of North China
(1229-1234) and destroyed the Jin dynasty.
Mongolia in 20th century
Khaan, from 1229 to 1241. Ugudei finished the conquest of North China
(1229-1234) and destroyed the Jin dynasty.
Mongolia in 20th century
After the collapse of the empire, Mongolia was subjugated
by Manchu dynasty for 200 hundred years, and then in 1911
the Mongols Monarchy
was established.
Modern Mongolia
In 1990’s, Mongolia transferred to Free Market economy
and Democracy, and set the goal of building "democratic human socialism”
was established.
Modern Mongolia
In 1990’s, Mongolia transferred to Free Market economy
and Democracy, and set the goal of building "democratic human socialism”
based
on a multi-party democracy. The great civilization started with the support of
Soviet Union. In January 1992,
on a multi-party democracy. The great civilization started with the support of
Soviet Union. In January 1992,
a new constitution was established.
Geography
Mongolia, the ancient nomadic Mongols is located in the
heart of Central Asia. It borders with the Russia in the north and
Geography
Mongolia, the ancient nomadic Mongols is located in the
heart of Central Asia. It borders with the Russia in the north and
the People's
Republic of China in the south. Mongolia's total land area is 604,250 square
miles (1,564,116 km²).
Climate
This is a country with hot in the summer and extremely
cold in the winter, with January averages dropping as low as -30°C (-22°F).
Republic of China in the south. Mongolia's total land area is 604,250 square
miles (1,564,116 km²).
Climate
This is a country with hot in the summer and extremely
cold in the winter, with January averages dropping as low as -30°C (-22°F).
The
country is also subject to occasional harsh climatic conditions known as zud.
Ulan Bator has the lowest average temperature
country is also subject to occasional harsh climatic conditions known as zud.
Ulan Bator has the lowest average temperature
of any national capital in the
world.
People
Based on Mongolia's history, particularly the tales of
Chinggis Khan, visitors sometimes expect modern Mongolians to be rough,
world.
People
Based on Mongolia's history, particularly the tales of
Chinggis Khan, visitors sometimes expect modern Mongolians to be rough,
warlike, or even hostile towards strangers.
National holidays
• New Year's Day - 1st January,
• Tsagaan Sar - According to Lunar Calendar,
• Mother & Children's Day - 1st June,
• National Naadam Festival - 11-13th of July
• Independence Day - 26th November.
• Tsagaan Sar - According to Lunar Calendar,
• Mother & Children's Day - 1st June,
• National Naadam Festival - 11-13th of July
• Independence Day - 26th November.
Religion
Various forms of Tengriism and Shamanism have been widely
practiced throughout the history of what is now modern day Mongolia;
as such
beliefs were common among nomadic people in Asian history. Such beliefs mostly
gradually gave way to Tibetan Buddhism,
beliefs were common among nomadic people in Asian history. Such beliefs mostly
gradually gave way to Tibetan Buddhism,
but Shamanism has left a mark on
Mongolian religious culture.
Nomads
Present-day Mongolia is famous for its heritage of ancient
history, culture and arts, specific traditions and custom,
Mongolian religious culture.
Nomads
Present-day Mongolia is famous for its heritage of ancient
history, culture and arts, specific traditions and custom,
indigenous species
of the world's rare animals. Two distinctive features of the Mongolian culture
are nomadic way
of the world's rare animals. Two distinctive features of the Mongolian culture
are nomadic way
of life and Tibetan Buddhism that widespread as the major
religion in Mongolia.
religion in Mongolia.
Ulaanbaatar
Ulaanbaatar, which means Red Hero, is the
capital and the largest city of Mongolia. It is the country’s main center of
politics, business and finance, culture and science. About half of the
country's populations live in the capital city. Ulaanbaatar was founded in 1639
as Urguu a mobile monastery-town, it was often moved to various places along
the Selenge, Orkhon and Tuul rivers. In 1778, the city settled for good at its
current location, near the confluence of the Selbe and Tuul rivers and beneath
Bogd Khan Uul, back then also on the caravan route from Beijing to Kyakhta. The
city consists of a central district built in Soviet 1940s and 1950s-style
architecture, surrounded by and mingled with residential concrete tower blocks
and large yurt quarters. In recent years, a lot of the towerblock's ground
floors have been modified and upgraded to small shops, and many new buildings
have been erected.